Copa America History and Facts

Copa America History & Facts

On the 1st of July, the Copa America 2011 will start. Copa America, or America Cup, was first staged in 1916 in Argentina. It is an international association football tournament that involves only South American national teams. It is similar to the EURO, and in its history of the past 96 years, spectators have been able to watch some of the best football matches that have ever been staged. The powerhouses of football are Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil and the other competing teams have always given sterling performances to capture the hearts of their fans.

The next Copa America tournament is just days away because it will start on July 1, 2011 and it will last for a month. It will be held in Argentina and 12 teams will participate. Argentina and Uruguay have been the most successful teams as they have won the title 14 times each. Brazil has won it 8 times and Paraguay and Peru winning it 2 times each. Columbia and Bolivia have one title each to their credit. This year’s tournament is expected to be very formidable because of the in-depth strength of the South American national teams. Among all sporting events of the world, Copa America is believed to be the most widely viewed.

The History of Copa America Tournament:

The first Copa America tournament in 1916 was held in Argentina between July 2 and July 17. Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Chile participated in it and Uruguay won the title after tying 0-0 with Argentina in the deciding final match. The success of this tournament acted as a catalyst for the Uruguayan Football Association to establish a confederation of the football associations of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay and CONMEBOL was founded. In 1917, the tournament was held for a second time and Uruguay won it again by beating Argentina 1-0 in the finals. The next tournament was held in 1919 in Brazil and the host country won the title for the first time. In 1921, Paraguay participated for the first time.

Rules of Copa America:

There are two stages in the Copa America tournament 2011. In the group stages, three groups with four teams in each group are created by using the FIFA world rankings to distribute the teams in several pots. Teams are then drawn randomly from the pots and allocated to the three groups. Each team will play the other teams in its group and on the basis of points two top teams from each group will emerge and advance to the knockout stage.

If two or more teams get the same number of points and are equal on other criteria, the final decision to choose the teams to advance to the knockout stage will be based on certain criteria regarding the number of goals and by drawing of lots.

In the knockout stages, each of the eight teams will be paired randomly and will take part in a single-elimination competition. Each match will be 90 minutes and if it is still a tie even after a 15-minute extra time period in each half, the winner will be decided on the basis of penalties. The same pattern will be followed for the semi finals and then the finals. The two defeated teams in the semis will also clash in a third-place match.

Argentina is the host country for Copa America 2011. It has taken the World Cup twice and the America Cup 14 times. The predictions are that both Argentina and Uruguay are the favorites to win the championship in 2011.

The United States of America at the Summer Olympics: From 1896 to 2012!

Good Luck for London 2012!

1896 The States was one of the first 13 countries to send an athletic delegation to the Summer Games – among the world’s most high-profile sporting events– on Greek soil. This year was a key moment for the global’s sport.

1896 In Athens, the United States of America became the leading sports country of the world after finishing first in unofficial team standings in the First Modern Olympiad. There, the 1896 U.S. Olympic squad earned a total of 20 medals: 11 gold, 7 silver, and 2 bronze. Meanwhile, Boston-born James B. Connolly was the first person to claim a gold medal in Olympic history after winning the triple jump in Athens’ Panathinaiko Stadium. Back home in Boston, Mr. Connolly was given a hero’s welcome. Since 1896 -without interruption– America has been renowned for producing international champs.

1896 Thomas Burke’s rise to prominence came in Athens when he was the first winner of the men’s 100m in Olympian history, making him the world’s fastest sprinter. Mr. Burke was identified with the emerging generation of American athletes in the late 1890s when he realized his dream of winning the Olympic gold.

1896 What hurdler was the first American athlete to win an Olympic title? Answer: Thomas Curtis, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student. He made a time of 17,6 seconds to win the gold in the men’s 110m hurdles in Greece.

1900 With 47 international medals (19 gold, 14 silver, and 14 bronze), the States once again became one of the world’s elite sports powers in the multi-sport event in Paris (France).

1900 Alvin Kraenzlein was in the spotlight as he, a born-athlete, led American team to win four golds in Paris: 60m, 110m hurdles, 200m hurdles, and long jump. To prepare himself to become an outstanding sportsman, the United States hurdler made his first overseas visit to the United Kingdom. Hailing from Milwaukee (Wisconsin), Kraenzlein was the American star in the Games of the Second Olympiad, followed by Ray Ewry (3 golds), Margaret Ives Abbot (first female in US history to capture an Olympian championship), and Irving Baxter (2 golds), among other high-profile athletes. On the other hand, Kraenzlein’s life has been an inspiration to several sports people in Wisconsin and the States.

1904 St. Louis (MO) was the site for the Games of the Third Olympiad. Unequivocally, the 1904 Olympics were in the focus of the attention of the world press.

1904 In the Olympic diving tournament in Missouri, the Americans swept the first three positions.

1904 Pittsburgh-born runner James Lightbody was the winner of the men’s 800m and 1,500m–He was the first male to win both these competitions at the same Olympics. Shortly afterward, he took a number of other major athletic titles, including the Intercalated Games in Greece.

1904 The host country’s team -made up of four stars: Herman T. Glass, Edward Hennig, Anton Heida, George Eyser- claimed first in the gymnastics tournament at the III Olympiad in St. Louis (MO).

1908 At the IV Summer Olympics in London (England), the US Olympic team was ranked second in the medal count -23 golds, 12 silvers, 12 bronzes-behind only Britain.

1908 With three wins (800m, 1500m and medley relay), New Jersey’s runner Mel Sheppard had an exceptional year in the Briton capital of London.

1912 Oklahoma-born Jim Thorpe won both the decathlon and pentathlon in the Summer Games at Stockholm, Sweden. Decades later, many sportswriters and sports experts selected Thorpe as both «the greatest football player and male athlete of the first half of the 20th Century».

1912 With three gold medals in the shooting tournament, New York City-born Alfred Lane became America’s most successful athlete at the V Summer Olympics on Scandinavian soil.

1912 Two future personalities competed in the Games in Sweden: Firstly, Avery Brundage in pentathlon-elected President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC); the first U.S. sports leader to occupy the post. Secondly, George S. Patton, General during World War II.

1920 At the Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp (Belgium), the States became undisputed champion when it was first in the medal standings with 95 medals. The U.S. team had more than 40 Summer Olympic Games Champions.

1920 In Belgium, Duke Kahanamoku earned the men’s 100m freestyle for the second time in a row. For the past four years, Hawaii’s sporting icon became the first islander to conquer the coveted title (Stockholm Games) and was a national-class swimmer in the States. Prior to 1916, the untapped athlete moved between his home, Hawaii, and frequent swimming events in the continental United States, where his only goal was to train to become the world’s fastest swimmer. There, he gained the national trials, capturing tickets for the Summer Olympics. As well as being one of the most outstanding swimmers on Earth since 1912, Duke Kahanamoku reintroduced the sport of surfing to the western world- he turned it into a great national passion in the continental U.S. Like Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop and the performer Don Ho, his immense personal popularity added to Hawaii’s international fame.

1924 In the Olympics in Paris, France, America’s strong squad was first in the medal count with 99 – 67 medals more than Finland (second in the Games).

1924 The US water polo team took third place in the international competition, becoming the first American squad to be medalist in the Olympiad.

1924 After gaining four golds, America’s sportsmen became champion in the free-style wrestling tournament in the Games of the VIII Olympiad in Paris. The winners were Robin Read, Russel Vis, John Spellman, and Harry Steele.

1924 The United States swimmer Albert White quickly established himself as the «undisputed champ» in the Olympian Diving Tournament in France, winning golds in both springboard and platform diving.

1928 During the IX Olympiad in the Netherlands, the States was the leading nation in the medal count, earning 22 global titles -12 more than Germany.

1928 Pennsylvania’s Olympic ambassador Johnny Weissmuller won the 100m freestyle for the second time in a row in Amsterdam (Holland/Netherlands). He was one of the top favorites to win the title. Over a sporting career that spanned more than 10 years, he obtained 52 national championships and five Olympian golds. Likewise, he set 67 world records in the States and Western Europe. After stepping down as swimmer, he became a top movie star in Hollywood and co-starred with such prominent actresses as Brenda Joyce and Maureen O’Sullivan.

1928 Elizabeth Robinson had the distinction of being the first female to win the 100m (track & field) in the IX Summer Olympics.

1932 The Games of the X Olympiad were held in Los Angeles (CA)-for the second time in the history of the United States (St. Louis, 1904).

1932 World-class athletes led the US delegation to win the Los Angeles Games: 103 medals! -well ahead of Italy (36). Among Summer Olympic stars: Jesse Owens (track and field), Jim Bausch (decathlon, athletics), Edward Flynn (boxing), Michael Galitzen (diving)…

1932 The home country took third place in the Water Polo Championship, earning a bronze. The local team gained that distinction by beating Japan and Brazil.

1932 America’s Olympian decathlon champion Jim Bausch obtained the James R. Sullivan Memorial Trophy as the top Olympic athlete. Few were surprised when he received that award.

1936 Despite a troubled relationship with the Germany of Adolf Hitler, Washington dispatched a national contingent to Berlin, home to the XI Games.

1936 Alabama-born Jesse Owens captured America’s attention by earning four world titles in Berlin— 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay, as well as the long jump. As a result of this, the United States sprinter was one of the globe’s most high-profile athletes in the 20th Century. This man is of great historical significance for America. Why? His big performance came at a time when there were fewer black athletes in the global sports arena, breaking down the barriers of prejudices, and occurred with the political backdrop of Germany’s Nazi regime. During Owens’ days as sprinter and long jumper, he became a symbol of the struggle against racism.

1936 The U.S. men’s soccer squad did not qualify for the second round after being eliminated by Italy-the world’s top-ranked team — but they finished 10th in the Olympic tournament, ahead of Taiwan, Egypt, Hungary, Turkey, Finland, and Luxembourg.

1936 The United States -a basketball-mad nation– placed first in the Inaugural men’s basketball championship in Germany, a feat they repeated from 1948 and ’68. The U.S delegation captured the universal trophy by beating Mexico (25-10) in the semis and then Canada (19-8) in the gold-medal match. On their way to win the event, the North American nation also defeated Estonia (52-28) in the second round and Philippines (56-23) in the quarter-finals.

1936 Glenn Morris, a native of Simla (Colorado), made headlines around the world when he obtained the James R. Sullivan Memorial Trophy as the top Olympic athlete in the States.

1940-1944 The Games were cancelled due to World War II.

1948 The United States received 23 golds in the Games of the 14th Olympiad in London, Great Britain, winning the unofficial team championship. In the meantime, in New York City, America’s win set off a wave of explosive emotion as it was announced on nationwide radio.

1948 In the United Kingdom, the young American Bob Mathias, who hails from Tulare (California), began to make a name for himself in track and field when he finished first in the decathlon with 7,139 points.

1948 The US basketball team claimed first place in the London 1948 Olympic basketball tournament, earning the title and allowing they to compete in the next Olympics in Scandinavia.

1948 Surprisingly Porter William led a United States sweep in the men’s 110-meter hurdles.

1948 Unbeaten in the decathlon, Robert Mathias –invariably known to his friends as «Bob»— earned the James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy. He gained a gold medal the XIV Olympiad and those of the XV Olympiad in 1952.

1952 At the Helsinki Games, the United States delegation took first place in team standing by winning 40 global titles.

1952 With four trophies, America’s sportsmen finished first in the weightlifting competition in the 15th Summer Games in the Finnish capital of Helsinki, defeating the Soviet Union in the medal count.

1952 Pennsylvania’s runner Horace Ashenfelter was the first American runner to gain a gold medal in the men’s 3,000m steeplechase in Finland.

1952 The States captured a gold in basketball in the XV Olympics, giving the US squad access to compete in the upcoming men’s Olympic Games basketball championship in Australia in the mid-1950s.

1952 Upon winning an Olympic trophy in the men’s javelin throw in Scandinavia, Cy Young was the first person in America’s sporting history to receive that honor.

1955 Looking ahead to the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, the US Olympic Committee sent an important delegation (spearheaded by its top athlete Patricia McCormick) to Pan American Games in the Mexican metropolis—Among whom were the future Olympic winners: Rafer Johnson (decathlon), Parry O’Brien (shot put), Mildred McDaniel (women’s high jump), Huelet Benner (shooting), and Charles Vince (weightlifting).

1956 Norma Armitage, a fencer, was the flag-bearer for America’s fourteenth Olympian delegation at the 16th Olympiad at Melbourne, (Australia).

1956 The United States team took first place in the basketball tournament at the Melbourne Olympics following its impressive string of triumphs in the 1954 World Championships and 1955 Pan American Sports Games.

1956 Patricia McCormick gained two global titles (her fourth Olympian gold) in the diving championship at the Australia Summer Games, becoming a regional hero. Previously to her wins in Oceania, she had collected two golds in the Helsinki Olympiad and three women’s Pan American titles in 1951 and 1955. Hailing from Seal Beach (California), she was one of the most respect female divers in the world sports community in the 1950s.

1959 Santa Monica-born Parry O’Brien –who lived his dream of becoming an Olympic champ in 1952 and 1956 — earned the Sullivan award as the country’s top amateur athlete.

1960 In the Games of the XVII Olympiad in Italy’s capital, Rome, Wilma Rudolph was known worldwide by her triumphs in athletics — 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay.

1960 The national team won the men’s basketball tournament in Rome after losing to Brazil in the gold-medal match at the 1959 World Championship.

1960 Louisville-born Cassius Marcellus Clay Junior gained the gold medal in the Games of the Olympiad in Rome-This boxer was a fierce athlete (both amateur and professional) in every arena he competed, giving an extraordinary example for America’s sportsmen and women. In the wake of his victory on Italian soil, he turned pro at the age of 18. Afterwards, by the 70s, he was regarded as the greatest boxer of all time by many international sportswriters. He converted to Islam, changing his name to Muhammad Ali in the mid-1960s.

1964 At the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan, the US contingent captured 90 medals – 36 gold, 26 silver, 28 bronze– winning the first place in the unofficial team championships.

1964 The non-favorite runner Bob Schul came in first in the men’s 5,000m (track and field) in Japan, being the first American to do so since it was included as one of the official sports in the First Olympic Games in 1896.

1964 At the Tokyo Games, Billy Mills was the first person in America’s sporting history to take a gold medal in the 10,000meters since 1908 when men’s 10,000m became a medal sport.

1964 The men’s basketball team defeated the USSR/Soviet Union for their sixth straight Olympic Cup (1936-1964) after failed to make the top three in the men’s basketball World Championship in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).

1968 America’s sports system produced several Olympic champions and future new stars in the XIX Mexico City Games, defeating the USSR in the medal count. The States won 45 golds.

1968 New York’s Bob Beamon set a long jump world of 29 feet 2 ½ inches, earning the Olympic title in the Mexican metropolis—which stood until 1991.

1968 Despite being considered a strong contender to earn golds in men’s swimming, Mark Spitz only won two Olympic titles in the United Mexican States, but that was a prelude to his «big win» in the next Olympiad in West Germany.

1968 The U.S men’s basketball side, among the globe’s most high-profile sports teams, obtained the gold for the seventh time in a row during the Mexican Games.

1968 America’s discus thrower Al Oerter made Olympic history to win his fourth consecutive gold (from Melbourne 56 to Mexico 68).

1972 World-class swimmer Mark Spitz made international headlines in the Munich Olympics after winning seven golds: 100m frestyle, defeating 47 competitors from 29 countries and territories; 200m freestyle, with a victory over his fellow athlete Steve Genter; 100m butterfly, first among 39 swimmers from 29 nations; 200m butterfly, finished first over his countryman Gary Hall; 4x100m freestyle, alongside David Edgar, John Murphy & Jerry Heidenreich; 4x200m freestyle, with his fellow Americans John Kinsella, Frederick Tyler, and Steve Genter; 4×100 medley, with Mike Stam, Bruce Tom, and Heidenreich. On the other hand, America’s coach James Counsilman was the «hand behind» the victory of his compatriot Spitz.

1972 While America’s elite swimmer Mark Spitz made Olympic history in the Summer Olympics at West Germany’s city of Munich, the basketball national team failed to earn the Olympian championship for the first time, after losing to the Soviet Union, led by its star and future famer Sergei Belov. Since 1936, the US squad went undefeated to win the Olympian championship.

1972 Olga Connolly –a gold medalist Olympic athlete for Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic since 1993) in 1956- was named as the flag bearer of the US Olympic delegation at the Opening Ceremony of the Summer Olympics at Munich, West Germany.

1972 Finishing ahead of the world’s top four runners — among these were Ethiopia’s Mamo Wolde and Japan’s Kenji Kimihara– Frank Shorter, a gold medal-winning marathoner at the VI Pan American Games in 1971, stunned West Germany by becoming the first American to gain the marathon since John H. Hayes in 1908.

1976 The women’s basketball squad of America earned the Pre-Olympic Cup in the Canadian city of Hamilton, qualifying for the Games of the Olympiad in Montreal. In Canada, that winning team defeated such teams as Cuba (89-73), Mexico (80-57), France (79-59), Poland (84-66), and Bulgaria (76-75).

1976 With Darrell Pace and Luann Ryon, the States finished first in the archery competition in the XXI Summer Olympics at Montreal, Canada.

1976 Surprisingly, with a world record of 49,99 seconds, Jim Montgomery captured the men’s 1oom in the Olympic Swimming Tournament. He achieved his greatest success at Montreal after gaining a bronze medal in the 100m at the II FINA World Championships in Cali, Colombia (South America), in July 1975.

1976 America’s charismatic athlete Bruce Jenner defeated West Germany’s Guido Kratschmer and Nikolai Avilov from the Soviet Union -winner at Munich’72– to earn the decathlon with 8.618 points. During his brief stayed in Montreal, he was regarded as one of the «most popular athletes» by sportswriters and Canadian fans. Upon his win, he became the face of the Summer Olympics during the 1970s.

1976 Women’s basketball debuted in the Olympiad with the US squad gaining a silver medal.

1979 As a warm-up to the 1980 Moscow Olympics, America’s sportsmen and women competed at the VII Soviet Spartakiad,between July 21 and August 5, 1979, in the Russian capital of Moscow–the world’s largest multi-sport event in the 70s.

1980 The world of sport was mourning the death of Jesse Owens-who had hundreds of fans outside the United States.

1980 After capturing the FIBA Seoul World Championship and the William Jones Cup on Taiwan, the women’s basketball side obtained a spot at the Moscow Olympics following a historic win over the host nation 76-75 in the World Olympic Qualification at Varna, Bulgaria.

1980 The men’s soccer squad made an unexpected returned to the Olympic scene when they qualified for the Moscow, but the American could not go the USSR.

1980 At the request of President Jimmy Carter,the U.S. Olympic Committee decided to boycott the Moscow Games after a votation, becoming a project against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and then followed by 60 other governments and anti-Soviet rulers –as Albania’s Maoist chairman Enver Hoxha– around the globe. It was a major blow to America’s Olympian sport.

1980 Ahead of the Moscow Games, the American team were planning to spend many days training in West Germany.

1983 With the leadership of the future Hall of Fame player Michael Jordan, the American basketball team claimed first in the IX Pan American Sports Games at Venezuela, the most important pre-Olympic event in the Western Hemisphere.

1983 In preparing for its upcoming event -Los Angeles ’84, the U.S. Olympic Committee sent five future Olympian champs to the Venezuelan capital of Caracas to compete in the Pan American Boxing Tournament. They were Henry Tillman (heavyweight), Jerry Page (lt.welterweight), Pernell Whitaker (lightweight), Steve McCrory (flyweight), and Paul Gonzalez (super heavyweight).

1984 The Kremlin and its satellites in the developing world – the likes of Laos and the backed-Soviet Angola– and Eastern Europe decided not to participate in the Los Angeles Games. Similarly, four anti-American states, Albania, Burkina Faso, Libya and the Islamic republic of Iran, declined to send athletes to these Olympics. By contrast, Guinea, Guyana, Madagascar, Nicaragua, Romania, Seychelles, and Yugoslavia –states with difficult ties to Washington-competed at Los Angeles’84.

1984 Los Angeles (CA) was transformed into an «Olympic paradise» with the famous Olympic Stadium as backdrop. The largest city of America’s western coast, hosted the Summer Games for the second time, regarded as one of the greatest multi-sport events in Olympian history despite an international boycott.

1984 Guyanese-born Innis Jennifer became the first naturalized American to compete in the women’s long jump in the Olympics. As a United States athlete, she was runner-up in the Pan American Games at Indianapolis in late 1987. While competing for Guyana -an Anglophone republic on the South American continent– she placed 13th in the 1980 Olympiad. Jennifer’s athletic career dates from the time when she went abroad to compete in the 1979 Pan American Games.

1984 Edwin Moses came in first in the men’s 400m hurdles, capturing its second Olympian title. Curiously, he won all his races between 1977 and 1987.

1984 In California, the American track-and-field athlete Valerie Brisco-Hooks defeated the up-and-coming Florence Griffith Joyner to win the 200 meters. Brisco-Hooks also was the winner of the women’s 400m-she was the first sportswoman to earn both these competitions at the same Olympic Games.

1984 The 1984 U.S. Olympic team came close to winning the water polo gold after losing to Yugoslavia -an ex champion in 1968– in the finals.

1984 After being runner-up in the 1976 Montreal tournament, the US women’s team gained the III basketball championship in the Los Angeles Olympiad, securing a berth in the 1988 Olympiad in South Korea. The North American squad was one of the world’s most high-profile teams, attending every Olympic event from 1984 onwards.

1984 At Los Angeles, Mary Lou Retton won a gold medal in women’s gymnastics, becoming the first US women to do so. Aside from that, she won five 1984 Olympic medals.

1984 Surprisingly, Joan Benoit was the first person to gain the inaugural women’s marathon at Los Angeles by defeating Grete Waitz of Norway and Rosa Mota of Portugal (both world-class runners).

1984 America’s handball players participated in women’s tournament– It was the first appearance for the US side on the Olympic stage.

1988 At the United States Olympic Track and Field Trials at Indianapolis, California’s sprinter Florence Griffith Joyner, under Bobby Kersee’s watchful eye, lowered the previous world record of 10,76 seconds (established by her fellow team-mate Evelyn Ashford) in the 100m four times -a 10.60, 10.49, 10.71, and 10.61.

1988 Surprisingly, the men’s basketball team of America –often the favorites to obtain the competition-earned a bronze medal. In the last global tournament in Spain, by 1986, the national team placed first by defeating the Soviet Union.

1988 Astonishingly, America’s top swimmer Matt Biondi lost to Suriname’s Anthony Conrad Nesty in the men’s 100m butterfly.

1988 After finishing second in the women’s 200m in the Games of the 23rd Olympiad on US soil in 1984, Griffith Joyner became the globe’s fastest woman when she obtained three golds in the Seoul Games:100m, 200m and 400-meter relay. She added a silver medal in the 1,600-meter relay. But that wasn’t all. On September 29, 1988, she broke the world record twice in the women’s 200m — 21.56s (semi-finals) and 21.34s (finals). At the medalist’s press conference following his victory in South Korea, she said: «When you’ve been second-best for so long, you can either accept it, or try to become the best. I made the decision to try and be the best in 1988». As well as being named as the «sportswoman of the year» by sportswriters, sports comentators, and other experts in Western Europe and the States, she was praised in the Communist-controlled newspapers in the Soviet Union. By the end of the year, she obtained the 1988 Sullivan Award.

1992 John Smith, Kevin Jackson, and Bruce Baumgartner were the first American wrestlers to capture golds in non boycotted Olympic events since 1972.

1992 The so-called «Dream Team» made its long-awaited international debut in the Games of the 25th Olympiad in the Spaniard city of Barcelona, after beating Angola (African champion) 116-48. Later on, the team became Olympic champion. The US delegation included the NBA stars Patrick Ewing, Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, John Stockton, Chris Mullin, Clyde Drexler, Scottie Pippen, David Robinson, Larry Bird, and the young-up-and-coming player Christian Laettner. From the beginning, the American side was the «big favorite» by the media in Spain. Four years earlier, the 1988 U.S. Olympic squad-made up of American collegians– claimed third in the Olympiad -its worst result since 1972-previously they had a bad year in the pre-Olympic year of 1987 when the North American team losing to Brazil in the gold-medal match during the X Pan American Games in Indianapolis (IN). At the time, under Soviet/East German pressure (during Cold War, exactly), the International Olympic Committee (IOC) refused to accept professionals in the multi-sport events. Nonetheless, by 1989, the IOC ruled that professional athletes were eligible to participate in the Summer Olympics (1992-).

1992 The 19-year-old boxer Oscar de la Hoya, nicknamed «Golden Boy», gained the Olympian lightweight boxing title, upon a win over Marco Rudolph (Germany) in the finals–America’s only boxing gold in the 25th Olympiad,

1992 Evelyn Ashford qualified for the Olympics for the fifth time (from Montreal’76 to Barcelona’92).

1992 After not even qualifying for the 1988 South Korea Games, New Mexico-born Trent Dimas was the first American gymnast to become an Olympian champ during the Post-Cold War era.

1996 Kentucky-born Muhammad Ali-the Greatest– lit the cauldron for the Centennial Games in Atlanta, giving one of the more memorable moments in the Summer Games.

1996 After capturing the gold in the men’s long jump by defeating James Beckford of Jamaica, Carl Lewis, whose career spanned three decades, earned his ninth Olympic gold medal. Due to these trophies, he was considered one of the 20th Century’s greatest athletes. He began to represent the States in the international meets in July 1979 as he attend the VIII Pan American Games on Puerto Rico in July 1979-at the time Carl Lewis was an pre-Olympic hopeful.

1996 The men’s soccer team competed in the Games after being absent for two editions -Seoul’88 & Barcelona’92.Nonetheless, they placed ninth — the nation’s best result!

1996 The U.S women’s soccer team, one of the most popular squads on the North American continent, won the Olympic Cup at the Atlanta Games, the first time women’s soccer was included in the Summer Olympics. As host nation and medalist in the last global championship in Scandinavia, the U.S. team was the heavy favorite to gain the Olympic contest, well ahead of Norway’s side (the current world champ). Meanwhile, the backbone of America’s undefeated 1996 championship squad, Mia Hamm was the most outstanding player.

2000 Rulon Gardner defeated three-time Olympic champ Aleksadr Karelin of Russia -known during Cold War’s time as the Soviet Union/USSR — to win the Greco-Roman super heavy-weight final; Karelin had never lost an international championship. Gardner is widely regarded as the most remarkable wrestler in history of the US Olympic wrestling team.

2000 Baseball history was made in the Summer Games when the US side received the gold by defeating Cuba.

2000 The US women’s team finished first in the Sydney Olympic softball tournament, earning the gold. In the finals, they defeated Japan in extra innings, 2-1.

2004 The US took first place at the 2004 Athens, capturing 103 medals (35 gold, 39 silver, 27 bronze).

2004 Astonishingly, America’s basketball players won the bronze medal in the men’s Olympic championship, behind Argentina (gold) and Italy (silver). In Athens, the national squad was considered a strong contender to earn the event.

2004 Steven Lopez, whose parents are from Nicaragua (Central America), won a gold medal in taekwondo for the second time in a row. With two golds between 2000 (lightweight) and 2004 (middleweight category), he is the greatest American taekwondo fighter of all time.

2008 America’s soccer players obtained their Olympic ticket for men’s tournament in Beijing 2008.

2008 President George W. Bush made a special trip to the People’s Republic of China to attend the Summer Games.

2008 With special pride, Lopez Lomong –a former refugee during Sudan’s civil war 1983-2005– accepted to carry the American flag in the four-and-a-half-hour-long opening ceremonies of the Summer Games in Beijing’s National Stadium.

2008 After many disappointing years in which the States repeatedly lost the big events – 2004 Olympiad, 2006 FIBA World Cup (third ), 2007 Pan American Games (5th place), the national team won the basketball tournament.

2008 Maryland-born swimmer Michael Phelps shocked the world by winning eight Olympics golds in Beijing, China’s capital. This sports star — whose supporters number among them President George W. Bush– won the 200m individual medley, the 400m individual m, the 100m butterfly, 200m butterfly, 200m freestyle, the 4x100m freestyle relay, the 4x200m freestyle relay, and the 4x100m medley relay–breaking the 36 -year-old record of Mark Spitz. His victory in the Asian country was the subject of considerable media attention and was the most recognize face on the planet in 2008. The United States athlete is the most decorated sportsman in Olympian history.

2012 America’s modern democracy and political-economic system has produced a host of top-class athletes since 1896 (not as a political propaganda as occurred in the former Soviet Bloc): Alvin Kraenzlein (1900), Mark Spitz (1972), Mary Lou Retton (1984), and Greg Louganis (1984-1988), among other high-profile sports figures. Unlike many countries around the world, its sportsmen and women are lionized by their compatriots. In fact, they are Goodwill Ambassadors. At London 2012, the States might send 580 athletes, having strong chances in several sports as athletics, basketball, beach volleyball, boxing, gymnastics, swimming, tennis, women’s soccer, women’s volleyball, and wrestling. In the last FINA World Aquatics Championships at Shangai, China, for example, the US delegation captured 17 golds with sports stars like Michael Phelps, Ryan Lochte, Rebecca Soni, Jessica Hardy and Missy Franklin. Meanwhile, in the 2011 Athletics Global tournament, there were 12 winners from America.

Osteopathy As a Top Health Care Career Choice

What is Osteopathic Health Care?

The health profession of Osteopathy (founded in 1874 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still in the USA) is an established internationally recognized manual medicine system of diagnosis and treatment, which lays its main emphasis on the structural and functional integrity of the musculoskeletal system.

Osteopathic health practitioners use a variety of hands-on physical treatments. These include soft tissue techniques, joint mobilization & manipulation, muscle energy treatment and functional (strain and counter strain) techniques. These techniques are normally employed together with exercise, dietary, and occupational advice in an attempt to help patients recover from pain, disease and injury.

There are two types of osteopaths. European style Osteopaths (also known as osteopathic manual practitioners, manual osteopaths, traditional osteopaths & classical osteopaths) do not prescribe medications or perform surgery, while American style osteopaths (also known as osteopathic physicians) perform surgery and prescribe medications as well as using osteopathic techniques in managing a patient’s condition.

Osteopathy as a Career Choice

Osteopathic health care is one of the most complete health care systems in the world. It is a distinctive form of medical practice. The practice of manual osteopathy utilizes all available modern manual medicine techniques to assess injury and diseases of muscles, bones, joints and nerves. It also offers the added benefit of hands-on diagnosis and treatment through a system of therapy known as osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM). Osteopathic manual practitioners understand how all the body’s systems are interconnected and how each one affects the others. They focus special attention on the musculoskeletal system, which reflects and influences the condition of all other body systems.

Osteopathy is the fastest growing health care profession in the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina, South Korea, Japan, China, India, Iran & Europe. The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) in a report released in December 2012 and published by the Toronto Star; titled «the Top 25 Occupations in Demand» included manual osteopathy in #13 of the occupations in demand in Canada.

The average salary for a new manual osteopathy graduate who works as an employee in a health or rehab clinic is generally between $30 to $40 per hour in Europe, Australia, Caribbean and North America and $10 to $20 in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Manual osteopaths in private osteopathic practice generally charge between $90 to $140 per hour of treatment in Europe, North America, Australia & Caribbean and $20 to $60 per hour in Asia, Latin America & Africa.

For patients injured in a motor vehicle related accident in Ontario (Canada) all auto insurers cover osteopathic treatments at the rate of $53.66 per hour as per fee guideline set by Financial Services Commission of Ontario (FSCO).

The average income of manual osteopaths in Canada and USA is $90,000 per year. In Australia it is $78,000 and in United Kingdom (UK) it is 58,000 Euro. The average income of American style osteopathic physicians varies greatly as it depends on the speciality they practice. It is $161,000 to $576,000 per year.

There is virtually no unemployment in this health care profession. Almost all European style osteopaths find employment within a few months upon graduation.

European style osteopaths are found worldwide. There are approximately 4500 osteopaths in United Kingdom (UK), 1500 manual osteopaths in Canada, 1000 manual osteopaths in Brazil and 67,000 doctors of osteopathic medicine in the USA, and a few thousands more spread around the world in countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Panama, Colombia, China, Iran, India, South Korea, Japan, Greece, South Africa, Singapore, Vietnam, Venezuela, Latvia, St Martin, Barbados, Jamaica, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Argentina, Pakistan, Israel, Austria, Germany, Portugal, Italy, and Netherlands amongst others. Nearly half of them are women.

The number of osteopaths worldwide has increased exponentially in the past few years largely due to National Academy of Osteopathy making the diploma program in osteopathy available to students worldwide through an online method of education.

Where do Osteopaths work?

European style Osteopaths have the option of opening their own manual osteopathy clinics; or to rent rooms in established medical, health or rehab clinics and benefit from cross referrals; or to work as employees in other osteopathic, medical, chiropractic, physiotherapy, athletic therapy, massage or rehab clinics.

Most osteopathic manual practitioners work in private osteopathy clinics, often as sole proprietor, associate or employee. However, the increase in multidisciplinary health care facilities and physical rehabilitation clinics in Canada, USA, Australia & United Kingdom has opened new opportunities for osteopathic manual practitioners to collaborate with other health care professionals (such as family physicians, chiropractors, registered massage therapists, naturopaths, athletic therapists, kinesiologists, podiatrists, chiropodists, occupational therapists, ergonomists, and physiotherapists) and benefit patients with interprofessional care. A small numbers of osteopaths also work in hospitals, nursing homes, health spas, sports teams, insurance companies claims services department, fitness clubs, osteopathic colleges, motor vehicle accident (MVA) assessment centres and other institutions.

Most new graduates start their professional work as employees. Later they establish their own private clinics.

Becoming an Osteopath

To become an osteopath one must graduates from an accredited osteopathic school, college or university. The programs vary in length and diplomas and degrees offered. The diploma programs are generally between 1000 to 2000 hours and the degree programs between 3000 to 4500 hours. The time it takes to graduate depends on the osteopathy program and ranges from 4 months to 4 years.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 4200 hours (4 years) of osteopathic education for students without previous health education and 1000 hours (1 year) for students with previous health education. However WHO guideline is voluntary and not mandatory. It is not a requirement to follow the WHO guideline. Some osteopathic schools follow the WHO guideline voluntarily.

The diplomas and degrees offered by osteopathic schools, colleges & universities include:

– MPH (O) – Master of Public Health (Osteopathy)

– DO – Doctor of Osteopathy BSc (O) – Bachelor of Science in Osteopathy

– DOMP – Diploma in Osteopathic Manual Practice

– MO – Master of Osteopathy

– MSc (O) – Master of Science in Osteopathy

– FOCORS – Fellow of Ontario College of Osteopathic Rehabilitation Sciences

– FACORS – Fellow of Alberta College of Osteopathic Rehabilitation Sciences

– FBCCORS – Fellow of British Columbia College of Osteopathic Rehabilitation Sciences

– DCMOEB – Diplomate of the Canadian Manual Osteopathy Examining Board

– DIOEB – Diplomate of the International Osteopathy Examining Board

The Council on Manual Osteopathy Education (CMOE) of the International Osteopathic Association has accredited the following osteopathic schools, colleges & universities which provide diploma and degree programs in osteopathy:

Online Osteopathic Education Worldwide:

• National University of Medical Sciences

• National Academy of Osteopathy

Campus Based Osteopathic Education:

• Buenos Aires School of Osteopathy (Argentina)

• Instituto Argentina de Osteopatía (Argentina)

• Osterreiches Osteopathie Kolleg (Austria)

• RMIT University (Australia)

• University of Western Sydney (Australia)

• Victoria University (Australia)

• Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia (Australia)

• Escola Brasileira De Osteopatia (Brazil)

• National Academy of Osteopathy (Canada, Program offered online worldwide & campus based)

• Collège d’Études Ostéopathiques (Canada)

• Centre Ostéopathique du Québec (Canada)

• Canadian College of Osteopathy (Canada)

• Canadian Academy of Osteopathy and Holistic Health Sciences (Canada)

• Southern Ontario College of Osteopathy (Canada)

• The Osteopathic College of Ontario (Canada)

• British College of Osteopathic Medicine (England)

• British School of Osteopathy (England)

• College of Osteopaths (England)

• European School of Osteopathy (England)

• London School of Osteopathy (England)

• National Academy of Osteopathy (England)

• London College of Osteopathic Medicine (England)

• Oxford Brookes University (England)

• Centre Europeen d’Enseignement Superieur de l’Osteopathie (France)

• Institut de Formation en Ostéopathie du Grand-Avignon (France)

• Osterreiches Osteopathie Kolleg (Germany)

• Deutsches Osteopathie Kolleg (Germany)

• Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia – Milano (Italy)

• Unitec (New Zealand)

• Russian School of Osteopathic Medicine (Russia)

• National Academy of Osteopathy (South Korea)

• Swiss International College of Osteopathy (Switzerland)

• Madrid School of Osteopathy (Spain)

• National University of Medical Sciences (Spain, program offered online worldwide & campus based)

• Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain)

Osteopathic Care & Treatments

A number of researches have shown patients who have low back pain of mechanical origin are most satisfied with osteopathic treatments.

Dr. Lee Choi, MD, an osteopathy student of National Academy of Osteopathy has completed a research project as his thesis towards the investigative project requirement of course TH 980 of the diploma in manual osteopathy program.

Dr. Choi’s research analysed 100 patients’ response to low back pain treatments performed by manual osteopaths, registered massage therapists, chiropractors, physiotherapists, acupuncturists and physicians.

Patients who received European style osteopathic treatment had the highest rate of satisfaction with their treatments, followed by chiropractic, massage therapy, physiotherapy, acupuncture and medicine.

Over 95% of the patients surveyed who received osteopathic treatments indicated great satisfaction with their treatments, followed by 91% who received chiropractic treatments, 86% by those who received massage therapy, 75% by those who received physiotherapy, 60% by those who received acupuncture and 30% by those who received medical care for their low back pain.

This research confirms result of previous research indicating that patients favor manual osteopathy treatment above all other available treatments for low back pain of mechanical origin and that osteopathy is the number one health care system of choice for them whenever they suffer from low back pain.

World Osteopathy Day

As a result of tireless work of the world famous osteopath, Dr Shahin Pourgol, president of the National University of Medical Sciences & the National Academy of Osteopathy for suggesting a World Osteopathy Day and collaboration between National Academy of Osteopathy, International Osteopathic Association, Canadian Manual Osteopathy Examining Board, and a number of other organizations, manual osteopaths, and osteopathy students, June 22nd has been chosen and named «World Osteopathy Day».

For over 130 years the health profession of osteopathy has done so much to help human beings have a better quality of life and it deserve a day of its own as recognition of its contribution to human society worldwide.

At 10AM on June 22, 1874 in Baldwin, Kansas (USA), the 46 years old physician, Dr Andrew Taylor Still founded osteopathy. Dr Shahin Pourgol recommended this day in oppose to Dr Still’s date of birth (August 06, 1828) as the World Osteopathy Day and his suggestion was accepted by the majority.

Dr Pourgol is bringing a private member bill to the Canadian parliament to request the government of Canada officially recognize June 22nd as the World Osteopathy Day.

International Osteopathic Association has committed to do the same with parliaments of a number of other countries in Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa.

Know the FIFA Soccer Awards

After every World Cup final tournament, FIFA awards both players and teams who have made a mark in various aspects of the game. These are some of the six most coveted and recognized awards in the world of soccer.

The Golden Ball – Popularly known as the Adidas Golden Ball, it is given to the best player in the World Cup final. FIFA’s technical committee draws up a shortlist and the winner is chosen by the media. The runners-up receive the Adidas Silver Ball and Bronze Ball. Soccer legends who have won The Golden Ball are Didi, Garrincha, Bobby Charlton, Pelé, Johan Cruyff, Mario Kempes, Paolo Rossi, Maradona, Salvatore Schillaci, Romário, Ronaldo, Oliver Kahn and Zidane.

The Golden Shoe – Also called the Golden Boot, it has been renamed the Adidas Golden Shoe since 1982. This award for the top goal scorer goes back to 1930. The 1994 World Cup saw Silver and Bronze Shoes being added in recognition of the second and third best scorers in the tournament. Past Golden Shoe winners are Just Fontaine, Eusébio, soccer uniforms 10 Gerd Müller, Mario Kempes, Paolo Rossi, Gary Lineker, Salvatore Schillaci, Ronaldo and Miroslav Klose.

The Yashin Award for Best Goalkeeper – First awarded in 1994, this award is named in honor of the late USSR goalkeeper, Lev Yashin. The top goalkeeper is selected on the basis of his performance throughout the final competition. Even though goalkeepers have this award, they are also eligible for the Golden Ball. Oliver Kahn won this honor in the 2002 World Cup. Other Yashin Award winners Fabien Barthez and Gianluigi Buffon.

The Gillette Best Young Player – This Award goes to the best player under the age of 21. Started as late as 2006, that year’s award was won by Lukas Podolski. In order to choose the best young player between 1958 and 2002, FIFA undertook an Internet survey. Pele won with 61% of the votes.

The FIFA Fair Play Trophy – This trophy has been around since 1970 and goes to the team with the best record of fair play. It is different from the FIFA Fair Play Award. Teams that qualify for the second round get considered for this Trophy, which entitles them to the Fair Play Trophy, a diploma, a medal for each player and official, as well as $50,000 worth of soccer equipment for youth development. Though the award was originally a certificate, it was later based on the soccer crazy cartoon character, Sport Billy. Recently, the character was changed to a footballer’s figure. Peru won the first FIFA Fair Play trophy back in 1970, while Brazil and Spain both won the 2006 Trophy.

The Most Entertaining Team – This award is decided by the public through a poll. It was first awarded in 1994 with Brazil winning the honor. Recent awards have been based on Internet votes, earning the criticism of not representing the fan base accurately. Other teams to have won this award are France, Korea Republic and Portugal.

The 3 Biggest Names This World Cup

Are you totally ignorant about football? Know nothing about the beautiful game? With the 2010 Fifa World Cup just round the corner, here you 3 of the biggest names on show. Learn them and not be left out of the conversation.

1) Lionel Messi

Lionel Messi is the 2009 European and World Footballer of the Year and one of the most skillful footballers in the world. Only 22, his dribbling skills have earned him comparisons with the great Diego Maradona. Messi has just completed a fantastic season for Barcelona, helping them retain the league title. Many fans feel that it’s a matter of time before Messi is elevated to the true greats of football, joining the likes of Pele and Maradona. However, in order to reach such heights, Messi must first win the World Cup. Will he be able to do so in South Africa this June? Messi has never been able to replicate his form for Argentina but is well poised to do so in the grandest stage of all.

2) Cristiano Ronaldo

Love him or hate him, Cristiano Ronaldo is one of the most well known footballers today. Ronaldo shot to fame with his transfer to Manchester United in 2003 and won the coveted Champions League with the Red Devils in 2008. A dazzling dribber, Ronaldo is also an accomplished scorer and header of the ball. The 2009 World Player of the Year, Ronaldo moved to Real Madrid in 2009 for a world record 80 million pounds and narrowly missed out on the league title with his new club. The biggest star in a skill Portuguese team, Ronaldo is already assured of his place as one of the greatest footballers of all time.

3) Wayne Rooney

Wayne Rooney, only 24, is England’s biggest star. His rise has been meteoric, becoming the youngest player to score in the Premier League in 2002, breaking Arsenal’s then unbeaten spell. His subsequent transfer from Everton to Manchester United has seen him pick up numerous accolades such as the 2010 Players’ Player of the Year. Known for this aggressive running and never say die attitude, Rooney has had his best season so far and is so important to England that then manager Sven Goran Eriksson took him to the 2006 World Cup even though he wasn’t fully fit. Having tarnished his last World Cup appearance by getting sent off against Portugal for a stamp on Ricardo Carvalho, Rooney has improved his temperament and is in good form for the World Cup.

Haiti – Facts & Figures!

Welcome to Haiti– The Black Pearl of the World!

Geography

The modern republic of Haiti and the Dominican Republic are located on the island of Hispaniola (Caribbean, Americas). Geographically, Haiti is the 147th largest country on Earth, ahead of Israel, Puerto Rico and Qatar.

Haiti & Canada

Born-Haitian Michaëlle Jean has become Governor General of Canada, who represents Queen Elizabeth as the country’s Head of State, since September 2005. Prior to being named Governor General, she was a television journalist from Quebec, Canada. She was born in Port-au Prince on September 6, 1957.

History

On January 4, 1804, the Republic of Haiti wrote one of the most important chapters in history when it became the first black nation on Earth, after a Revolution led by Toussaint L’ Ouverture, today one of the national heroes on Haiti. In addition to being the world’s first black republic, the island of Haiti is the first independent country in Latin America, well ahead of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.

Modern History

On March 3, 1990, Ertha Pascal-Trouillot made international headlines when she was named Head of State of Haiti, becoming one of the first female leaders in the Caribbean. Hailing from Port-au-Prince, the country’s capital, Pascal-Trouillot was one of the few black women Presidents in the 20th Century.

Olympic Sport

Against all odds, the Haitian Shooting Team captured the bronze medal at the 1924 Summer Olympic Games in Paris (France), winning the admiration and respect of many people around the world. Due to this notable performance, the island finished 23rd in the medal count, together with Japan, Portugal, New Zealand and Romania. The Olympic medallists were Ludovic Augustin, L. H. Clermont, Destin Destine, C. Dupre, Eloi Metullus, Astrel Rolland and Ludovic Valborge.

Painting

Haiti is well-known for its outstanding painters since the second half of the 20th century. Despite its difficult history and poverty, the Caribbean island -among the least-developed nations in the Third World– has produced notable artists such as Rigaud Benoit, Wilson Bigaud, Castera Bazile, Jacques Enguerrand Gourgue, Hector Hyppolite, Philomé Obin and Louverture Poison, among others painters. In December 1945, the Haitian paintings had captured the attention of Andre Breton, the founder of Surrealism. The Haitian paintings, on the other hand, are in great demand among tourists.

World Heritage Sites

Touristically, the National Historic Park is one of the most beautiful places on Haiti. It was declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO since the early 1980s; one of the first in the Caribbean. This amazing park is made up of three Haitian monuments: Citadel, San Souci and Ramiers. These sites were built when Haiti became the first black republic in the world. On January 4, 1954, America’s performer Mariam Anderson sang at Sans Souci Palace.

Facts About Cuba’s Sports

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Cocaine was the drug used by the disgraced Cuban sportsman Javier Sotomayor Sanabria, who has been known for his stunning disqualification from the 1999 Pan American Games in Canada. After a failed drug test and an investigation, the ODEPA (Pan-American Sports Organization), ordered Cuban high jumper Javier Sotomayor Sanabria to return the gold medal he won in the high jump. He said, «I have only seen that substance in the movies. I am the victim of a maneuver, a dirty trick».

DID YOU KNOW THAT… The most famous Sudanese athlete in history, Yamilé Aldama was born in Havana, Cuba. Yamilé Aldama is a Sudanese athlete specializes in the triple jump and long jump. She represented Cuba until 2003 (Pan American Games and World Championships). After she became a Sudanese citizen. Sudan is one of the most poorest black African countries…

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Cuba sent only 7 athletes to the 2007 World University Games in Thailand, heeding Fidel Castro´s fears about future defections…Cuban delegation had athletes competing in two olympic sports: judo (yanelis Mestre and Kaliema Antomadim) and track and field(Andy Gonzáez, Yarianna Martínez,Yenimar Arencibia and Alexei Chivas). Overall, the Cuban team finished 40th place, after the Peoples´s Republic of China, Great Britain, South Korea, Thailand, Germany, United States, Taiwan, Italy, Kazakhstan, Canada, Iran, Australia, Belarus, Mexico, Turkey, Austria, Poland, Hungary, North Korea, Czech Republic, Morocco, Lithuania, Switzerland, Finland, France, Ukraine, Brazil, Romania, Slovak Republic, South Africa, Cyprus, Ireland, Latvia, Slovenia, Egypt, Mongolia and Portugal.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… For political reasons, Cuba boycotted the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games in San Salvador, El Salvador.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Like Czechoslovakia (currently Czech Republic), Hungary, Poland,East Germany (currently Germany), Bulgaria, North Korea and the USSR, Cuba boycotted the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles(Unites States). Some Cuban sportspersons -sprinter Sylvio Leonard, runner Alberto Juantorena, boxer Juan Hernández, hurdler Alejandro Casañas, volleyball players Mireya Luis Hernández, Mercedes «Mamita» Pérez, Mercedes Pomares, Imilcis Téllez, Josefina Capote, and Leonel Marshall-lost their olympic opportunities.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Niurka Montalvo is a Spanish long jumper. She was born on June 4, 1968 in Havana, Cuba. Like Magaly Esther Carvajal Rivera (volleyball player), Ivan Pérez Vargas (water polo player), Joan Lino Martínez (long jumper) and Rolando Uríos (handball player), she became a Spanish citizen in 1999.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… In the 1940s and 1950s, baseball became the most popular sport in Cuba, thanks to such heroes as Adolfo Luque, Sandalio Consuegra, Conrado Marrera and Orestes Miñoso.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Cuba hosted the 2nd Baseball World Cup in 1939. The Cuban team won the championship, with Nicaragua second and the United States taking third…

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Between February 25 and March 9,1951, the Cuban delegation participated in the First Pan American Games held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, winning 7 gold, 8 silver, and 10 bronze medals. Overall the Cuban team ranked fourth, after Argentina, United States, and Chile.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… From 1900 to 1958, Cuba had great athletes: Rafael Fortún (track and field), Angel García (track and field), Bertha Díaz (track and field), Margaret Chapman (diving), Ricardo Morales (tennis), Raul Capablanca (chess) and Ramón Fonst (fencing).

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Lissethe Bustamante, a Cuban journalist and witer, known for her interviews with Fidel Castro has alleged that she was raped by olympic champion Teofilo Stevenson in 1984.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… For political reasons, Cuba will not send a boxing team to the World Cup in the United States.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… The 1991 Pan American Games were held in Havana, Cuba, between August 2 and August 18, with 39 countries participating. The 1991 Pan American Games were a huge source of pride for Fidel Castro Ruz.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Between August 25 and September 2, 2007, the Cuban delegation participated in the World Track and Field Championships in Osaka,Japan. Overall, the Cuban delegation ranked 11th place, after the United States, Kenya (Africa), Russia, Ethiopia (Africa), Germany, Czech Republic, Australia, Jamaica (Caribbean), Bahamas (Caribbean), Great Britain and Belarus.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… In 1987,Cuba did not compete at the Women´s World Junior Volleyball Championships in Seoul (South Korea). The reason: There was not diplomatic relations between Cuba and South Korea.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… In the 1970s, Alberto Juantorena, a famous Cuban runner, was coached by Zygmunt Zabierzowski, who was born in Poland. Under the leadership of Zygmunt Zabierzowski, Alberto Juantorena won two gold medals at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… For political reasons, Cuba did not send a baseball team to the 27th Baseball World Cup in South Korea in 1982.

DID YOU KNOW THAT… Along with North Korea, Seychelles, Albania, Ethiopia, Madagascar and Nicaragua, Cuba boycotted the 1988 Olympic Games in South Korea.

FIFA World Cup 2018

FIFA World Cup 2018: Russia

After a waiting of a long time of four years, it’s time once more to prepare our voice for an insufficient days of yelling at TV monitor. FIFA World Cup 2018 frights in Moscow on 14th June. The match will get 32 countries scuffle to choose who will boost golden crown. Since the previous World Cup was observed by around 3200 million people – that’s nearly half of the sphere’s entire people – this significant event that is humbly not possible to overlook.

Hosting country of FIFA World Cup 2018

For the first time Russia hosting the tournament of. The competitions will occur in twelve stadiums, circulated across eleven cities. Russia is a massive country, thus almost all of the tournaments will play in cities to the country’s west to reduce transportable time among matches for supporters and teams. Despite that, the distance among the host cities nearly be about 2400 kilometers. That’s around the same space as between London and Moscow.

Group Stage of FIFA World Cup 2018

Group Stage denotes the first two weeks of match. The 32 challenging countries have been distributed into 8 groups. Each country perform a match beside the 3 other challenger in their group. For this phase, any team can success, fail or draw any match. As a results of these competitions, the next round will find two challenger from each group.

Round of 16 of FIFA World Cup 2018

When the Group Stage comes to end, the rest matches plays as a knockout stage. It means it is single probable to win or else lose a competition. If the result of 90 minutes is come to draw, the competition goes to additional time of 30 minutes or else even a tiebreaker shootout. The initial phase of the knockout stage is named as round of 16 and in which the qualified team as of the Group Stage perform against each other. It chooses which eight teams qualified for the finals.

2018 FIFA World Cup Russia finals

On July 6 and 7, the match of quarter-finals will come to pass. From the qualified 8 teams, the 4 winning teams will qualified for the semi-finals. At last, on 15 July, two remaining challenger will run through the final match in Moscow.

Experts’ opinion in FIFA World Cup 2018

Obviously, everybody has their beloved team that they want them to win. But specialists agree for some teams that have a predictable chance. Germany were the previous World Cup winner. They are quiet at the highest of FIFA global positions and many people wish that they might win the Cup again. Another team that have a good opportunities is Brazil. With 5 previous FIFA winner, the most popular team of the tournament in the history is Brazil and might be capable to win again. Further expected teams are France, Spain and Argentina.

FIFA World Cup 2018 Superstar players

All focus will be on soccer’s biggest heroes: Lionel Andres Messi captain of Argentina on the other hand Cristiano Ronaldo captain of Portugal. In spite of their many achievements for the Spanish league, other player hasn’t ever raised the award. Both of them are in their 30s, probably this might be their last opportunities. Beside them there to watch the Egyptian player Mohamed Salah, who has counted so several goals for the UK club Liverpool present time. The highest scorer of World Cup 2014 was James Rodriguez player of Colombia, who is willing to amaze fans once again.The Brazilians star player Neymar who will have improved from a newly injury.

In my opinion about FIFA World Cup 2018

With so much superstars, there’s no suspicion that FIFA 2018 is going for an international fascination in this month of June-July. So confirm you are watching. And if you are included one of the prosperous of the 32 challenging nations, then best of luck!

England And The World Cup – A History

1966 was a the greatest year for English football, after being selected to host the World Cup Finals and England proceeded to win the competition for the first and only time by beating West Germany 4-2 in the Final in front of 100,000 fans at Wembley Stadium.

The World Cup Final was a glorious occasion marked by a hat-trick scored by Geoff Hurst, who scored two of his goals in extra time to seal England’s victory.

English fans are passionate about football and their national team and long for the day when the team will lift the World Cup again, there have been eleven World Cups since England’s famous victory in 1966, and by the time of the next World Cup Finals in Brazil in 2014, it will have been 48 years since England won the trophy.

The 1970 World Cup saw England attempt to defend their trophy in Mexico, but lost in the Quarter Final stage in a re-match of the 1966 Final with West Germany, who this time overcame a 2-0 England lead to win 3-2 after extra time and bring an end to England’s reign as World Champions.

England failed to qualify for the 1974 finals, after being drawn with Poland and Wales in a qualifying group of three teams. England’s only victory was a 1-0 away win over Wales, but home draws and a 2-0 defeat by Poland sealed their fate, as Poland qualified for the World Cup Finals in West Germany, as the group winners.

Qualification for the 1978 finals again ended in disappointment, as England were grouped with Italy, Finland and Luxembourg, and despite only losing one qualifying game and finishing the group on level points, Italy qualified as group winners with a superior goal difference.

In 1982 the World Cup Finals were held in Spain and England now under the management of Ron Greenwood qualified for the finals for the first time since 1970. The competition was organised into two group stages, with England beating France, Czechoslovakia and Kuwait to top the group and qualify for the next group stage which saw them play Germany and Spain, in which England drew 0-0 with both teams, but as Germany beat Spain 2-1 and top the group which qualified them for the semi finals and England were eliminated, ironically having not lost a single game in the Finals.

The 1986 finals will always be remembered by England fans for one of the worlds’ greatest players and one of the most talked about goals in World Cup history. England had started the group stage poorly as they lost 1-0 to Portugal and were then held to a 0-0 draw by Morocco, however they secured their passage to the next stage with a 3-0 victory over Poland, thanks to a first-half hat-trick from Gary Lineker.

As the competition entered the knock-out stages, England were drawn against Paraguay, and an impressive 3-0 victory set up a quarter final tie with Argentina, an entertaining game turned to controversy after 51 minutes when in an aerial challenge for the ball with England goalkeeper Peter Shilton, Diego Maradona actually punched the ball into the goal to give Argentina a 1-0 lead. Amazingly the goal was given, Maradona later claiming goal was thanks to ‘the hand of God’

Three minutes later Maradona scored a brilliant goal as he ran with the ball from his own half, beating several England players and scoring to give Argentina a 2-0 lead. Gary Lineker scored a consolation goal to make the score 2-1 but Argentina held on for victory and then went onto win the competition.

Italy hosted the 1990 World Cup Finals, which was yet again to end in disappointment for England, who were grouped with the Republic of Ireland, Holland and Egypt, amazingly all the games were drawn apart from England’s 1-0 victory over Egypt which saw them top the group and progress to the next round England beat Belgium 1-0 after extra time and progressed to the quarter-finals were England faced Cameroon winning 3-2 after extra-time after Gary Lineker scored two penalties in the match.

The 1990 World Cup Semi-Final was between England and now arch rivals West Germany, after a 1-1 draw, the game was famously decided on penalties which Germany won 4-3. In the 3rd place play-off game England lost 2-1 to Italy to finish 4th, their highest placing since 1966.

In 1994 England failed to qualify for the finals in the USA, and it was 1998 that saw them reach the finals held in France, hope were high after reaching the semi-finals of Euro ’96 and winning their qualifying group. A 2-1 defeat to Romania meant second place in the group stage and a tough match against Argentina in the first knock-out stage. Penalties proved to be England’s nemesis again after the match finished 2-2, England lost 4-3 on penalties and were on their way home once more.

The 2002 competition took place in Korea and Japan and the so called ‘group of death’ with rivals Argentina, Sweden and Nigeria, England finished second in the group, but did beat Argentina 1-0 to avenge the penalty defeat in 1998. After beating Denmark 3-0 in the next round a quarter-final against Brazil resulted in a disappointing 2-1 defeat and more World Cup woes.

2006 saw England lose out on penalties yet again, this time to Portugal after a 0-0 draw in the quarter finals, by three penalties to one scored by England.

Hopes were again high for the 2010 Cup in South Africa after a good qualifying campaign, but a poor showing and a narrow 1-0 victory over Slovenia, saw them progress from the group stage, only to be beaten 4-1 by Germany in the next round, no penalties were required this time.

The long wait for England’s World Cup success continues, but each competition brings new hope for all the long suffering English fans.

Italy Placed in "Group of Deaths" at Euro 2008 Seedings

The next football event which will shake the European grounds is just around the corner. The Euro 2008 will be held on 7 June, 2008 in various cities of the countries of Switzerland and Austria.

The four group seedings for the event has recently taken place and it seems it will have an unpredictable edge as the groups are set in the following way: Pot One: Switzerland, Austria, Greece and Netherlands. Pot Two: Croatia, Italy, Czech Republic and Sweden. Pot Three: Romania, Germany, Portugal and Spain and Pot Four: Poland, France, Turkey and Russia.

UEFA draw for the 16-team tournament will be held Dec. 2 in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Over the years, the Azzurri have had tough time moving forward in the team eliminations as they continue to be placed in the so called «Group of Deaths». Back in 1978 Italy had to play the host and eventual winners Argentina, France and Hungary. At the World Cup USA 1994, Italians had one the closest-fight battles as their group became the strongest in football history; Ireland, Mexico, Norway along with Italy scored almost the same amount of points. The Italians qualified only by a goal difference.

For the Euro 1996, Germany, Czech Republic and Russia were part of the group selection the Italians had to play, they were knocked out due to a head-to-head match against the Czechs.

And more recently, the scenario for the Euro 2008 points to a group in which the Azzurri could play Spain, Holland and France or perhaps even a set of un fancied teams including Poland, Romania, Sweden and Austria.

Regarding the well-known «Oranje» this team was knocked out of the last World Cup in the second round, and they did have to work hard in order to qualify for Euro 2008 in a very weak group. Holland possibly has the worst defence after Austria but it is their back-line which helps with names like: Wilfred Bouma, Andre Ooijer and Mario Melchiot. Holland, will be allowed to play all their games in the one location and have an advantage due to their Pot One position.

The above mentioned seedings have been arranged according to a coefficient shown during the matches won and lost and goals scored throughout the qualifying for the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008.